Wine is an Open Source implementation of the Windows API on top of X,

Wine is an Open Source implementation of the Windows API on top of X, OpenGL, and Unix.

Think of Wine as a compatibility layer for running Windows programs. Wine does not require Microsoft Windows, as it is a completely free alternative implementation of the Windows API consisting of 100% non-Microsoft code, however Wine can optionally use native Windows DLLs if they are available. Wine provides both a development toolkit for porting Windows source code to Unix as well as a program loader, allowing many unmodified Windows programs to run on x86-based Unixes, including Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and Solaris.

GPARTED (linux utility )

GPARTED (GNOME Partition Editor)
http://gparted.sourceforge.net

A utility to be used for device and partition info at system end.

Features
------------
* Create New/Resize/Move/Copy/Format/Delete partition.
* Get Device info

Invoking Gparted requires root privileges,so invoke by $sudo gparted.

units - unit conversion program

was spent time to convert one scales to their equivalents in other scales. (ex:lbs to kgs).similary for other SI units too.finally found a units conversion program.


step1>anilkumar@gnu# sudo apt-gets install units

step2> anilkumar@gnu:~$ units (invoke program)

2438 units, 71 prefixes, 32 nonlinear units

You have: lbs
You want: kgs
* 0.45359237
/ 2.2046226
You have:


step 3> look at FILES
/usr/share/misc/units.dat - the standard units data file

Defaults for the useradd command

#!/bin/bash
#
##
# Defaults for the useradd command
##
#GROUP=100 # Default Group
HOME=/home/users # Home directory location (/home/username)
SKEL=/etc/skel # Skeleton Directory
INACTIVE=0 # Days after password expires to disable account (0=never)
EXPIRE= # Days that a passwords lasts
SHELL=/bin/bash # Default Shell (full path)
SKEL=/etc/skel
##
# Defaults for the passwd command
##
PASSMIN=0 # Days between password changes
PASSWARN=14 # Days before password expires that a warning is given
##
# Ensure that root is running the script.
##
WHOAMI=`/usr/bin/whoami`
if [ $WHOAMI != "root" ]; then
echo "You must be root to add news users!"
exit 1
fi
##
# Ask for username and fullname.
##
echo ""
echo -n "Username: "
read USERNAME
echo -n "Full name: "
read FULLNAME
echo -n "Group ID: "
read GROUP
#
echo "Adding user: $USERNAME."
#
# Note that the "" around $FULLNAME is required because this field is
# almost always going to contain at least on space, and without the "'s
# the useradd command would think that you we moving on to the next
# parameter when it reached the SPACE character.
#
/usr/sbin/useradd -c"$FULLNAME" -d$HOME/$USERNAME -e$EXPIRE \
-f$INACTIVE -g$GROUP -m -k$SKEL -s$SHELL $USERNAME
##
# Set password defaults
##
/usr/bin/passwd -n $PASSMIN -w $PASSWARN $USERNAME >/dev/null 2>&1
##
# Let the passwd command actually ask for password (twice)
##
/usr/bin/passwd $USERNAME
##
# Show what was done.
##
echo ""
echo "Entry from /etc/passwd:"
echo -n " "
grep "$USERNAME:" /etc/passwd
echo "Entry from /etc/shadow:"
echo -n " "
grep "$USERNAME:" /etc/shadow
echo "Summary output of the passwd command:"
echo -n " "
passwd -S $USERNAME
echo ""

escape code for few special characters into your HTML code

many characters should NEVER be typed directly into HTML code... for example the "<", ">", the "©", "&", and the " itself. Instead, type &escape_code; (Ampersand, Escape Code for Character, then a semicolon). For these 5 characters, here are the escape codes...

o For the < type & lt; (no space between & and lt)
o For the > type & gt; (no space between & and lt)
o For the © type & copy; (no space between & and lt)
o For the & type & amp; (no space between & and lt)
o For the " type & quot; (no space between & and lt)

execute perl scripts in CGI-BIN

To execute perl scripts using apache2 in cgi-bin.


step 1#cp /etc/apache2/mods-available/cgi* /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/.

step 2#vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/default

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/cgi-bin/
< Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin/" >
AllowOverride None
Options ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
< /Directory >


step 3#/etc/init.d/apache2 restart

step 4#vi hello.pl

add following line into file hello.pl
-------------------------
#!/usr/bin/perl

print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";

print "< html > < head > \n";
print "< title > Hello, world! < /title > < /head > \n";
print "< body bgcolor=\"#FFFFFF\" text=\"#000000\" link=\"#FF0000\" vlink=\"#8000
00\" > \n";
print "< h1 > Hello, PERL world! < /h1 > \n";
print "< a href=\"../perl/tutorial.html\" > < b > Back </b > < /a > to the Tutorial\n";
print "< /body > < /html > \n";


step 5#cp hello.pl /var/www/cgi-bin/.


step 6#http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello.pl

step 7#for error do check into /var/log/apache/error.log

ssl certs

https certs
===========
Setp 1> Generate ssl certificates

#openssl genrsa -des3 -out hostname.key 1024

#openssl req -new -key hostname.key -out hostname.csr

#openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in hostname.csr -signkey hostname.key -out hostname.crt

step 2> Add Certificate to /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf


# vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf

(note: just remove comment "#" from SSLCertificate and add filename)

# Server Certificate:
SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/conf/cert/hostname.crt
# Server Private Key:
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/conf/cert/hostname.key




dovecot ssl certs
==================
Setp 1> Generate ssl certificates


#openssl genrsa -des3 -out /usr/share/ssl/private/dovecot.pem 2048

#openssl req -new -x509 -key /usr/share/ssl/private/dovecot.pem -out /usr/share/ssl/certs/dovecot.pem -days 1095

step 2> modify into /etc/dovecot.conf